JEE Main 2023 — Chemistry In Everyday Life Question with Solution

The correct answer is Option B: alkaline hydrolysis reaction.

Saponification is the alkaline hydrolysis of an ester into its component fatty acids and alcohol. In the context of soapmaking, this reaction is used to convert animal fats or vegetable oils into soap and glycerin.

The reaction is catalyzed by a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The base reacts with the ester group in the fat or oil, breaking it down into its component fatty acids and alcohol. The fatty acids then react with the base to form soap molecules.

The soap molecules have a long, hydrophobic (water-hating) tail and a short, hydrophilic (water-loving) head. The hydrophobic tail dissolves in oil, while the hydrophilic head dissolves in water. This allows soap to act as an emulsifying agent, which means it can help to mix oil and water together.

Soap is also a surfactant, which means it lowers the surface tension of water. This makes it easier for water to wet surfaces and remove dirt and grime.

Saponification is a versatile reaction that has many applications beyond soapmaking. It is also used to make biodiesel fuel, detergents, and other products.